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• Orange compared the carbon footprint of two satellite technologies, LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and GEO (Geostationary Orbit), for providing connectivity, mainly in rural areas.
• Satellite systems are designed for remote regions with low population density and no pre-existing infrastructure. In these "greenfield" areas, deploying fiber from scratch would have a noticeable carbon impact, making satellites more competitive at the cost of lower throughput and higher latency, particularly with GEO satellites.
• This study helps refine an environmentally friendly procurement and system design policy. For mixed portfolios, strategies that combine LEO and GEO connectivity services can enable to minimize greenhouse gas emissions for communication services in remote rural areas.